Jan van der Made(2017):中国军队文件外泄令北京尴尬
网文选刊：
中国军队文件外泄令北京尴尬
作者：法广英文组记者： Jan van der Made
2017年10月18日首发于 法广英文网站
译者：法广中文部
在亚马逊网站的自出版市场上，开始有越来越多的披露中国内部文件的书籍出现。由六本彩色封面的书籍组成的《中国密档》系列（China Secrets），给读者打开一个窥探中国内部世界的视角。但很多问题尚没有答案。
其实自2015年起，人们就可以在亚马逊网站上买到这些写着诸如“中国1989，军队文件”，或者“对美间谍行动”、“对印度间谍行动”等等题目的书籍，但大部分中国问题学者都没有注意到。
这些书的作者Ben Keiler(很可能只是一个笔名)声称这些文件都是首次与公众见面。
这些书为了解1989年的天安门屠杀以及当年三月的西藏戒严、了解中印边境冲突以及中印两国今年早些时候在不丹发生的敌对形势等不同事件带来一个全新的、独特视角。
人们也可以从这些书籍中了解到中华人民共和国1949年建国以来，其军队情报部门搜集美国、韩国、日本以及其他国家情报的具体情况。
真是内部文件么？
这些书总共大约500页，其中有很多诸如军事地图和列表等文件的影印件。
但最大的问题是，这些文件是真是假？
长期以来，汉学家一直为确定这类文件的真伪而绞尽脑汁。
2001年，（美国汉学家）黎安友（Andrew Nathan）和林培瑞(Perry Link)翻译由化名“张良”的人提供的秘密文件，出版了《六四真相》，详细介绍了1989年6月4日北京天安门广场镇压行动的政策制定过程。
他们在前言中指出，这些资料都是在经过五轮仔细的筛选之后才在书中发表，而即便如此，他们也还是不能确定所发表文件一定完全都是真实文件。
Ben Keiler批评《六四真相》一书缺少文件原本，他说，这本书里没有任何一份原件的副本，书的内容因此很容易受到质疑。
Keiler 在书中出示的1989年6月4日解放军部队进入天安门广场的部署路线图 in Ben Keiler "The China 1989 Army Documents" Amazon
Keiler出版的《中国1989：军队文件》当然提供了一些地图和文件，罗列了中国人民解放军1989年6月4日清晨袭击天安门广场之前的行动以及袭击过程的详细情况。
当时学生们占领广场已经有多个星期。他们要求结束腐败，要求更大透明度，要求可以更多参与政治。中国领导人下令戒严，并调动军队应付民众的抗议集会。
这本书非常详细地记录了军队如何不得不努力穿过人群，抵达广场，并在凌晨四点按计划清除滞留在那里的学生。
在这本书的前一部分，Keiler仍然是通过出示所谓内部绝密文件，来介绍解放军1989年3月在西藏镇压骚乱的行动如何成为几个月后天安门广场镇压的样板。
作者出示解放军政策文件以及一些军备清单的影印件。这些清单包括行动中使用的枪支和车辆，以及戒严部队控制示威藏人使用的子弹数量。
Ben Keiler 是谁？
法广与多名中国问题专家联系，但没有人知道谁是Ben Keiler，也没人了解Ben Keiler 的工作。有人对其文件的真伪表示怀疑。
伦敦大学亚非学院中国研究中心负责人曾锐生就认为，“倘若这些文件都是真的，那很多出版商早就会感兴趣，中国政府也早就会对亚马逊网站做出强烈反应。但到目前为止，我还没注意到这样的反应。”
《六四真相》一书的出版人之一林培瑞表示，“人们需要对这样事情保持怀疑的态度，但完全拒绝可能也是一个错误。”《六四真相》的另一位出版人黎安友则强调，不能只看看就确定这些文件不是真实文件。确定真伪需要很多调查和研究。
也有人持观望态度。英国杜伦大学当代中国研究中心创始人、《邓小平，带领中国走向现代化的人》一书的作者迈克尔•迪伦(Michael Dillon)草草翻看了一下这些书籍。他认为，“中国1989，军队文件”提供的细节令人信服，但他也承认他无法确认这些文件是否是真实原件。
他同时指出，书中出示的部分文件上缺少红色印章和相关领导人签字，这可能意味着这些文件只是一些草稿或者印刷品。
人们因此可以怀疑这些文件是在何时、又是如何成文并被使用的。即使这些文件是真本，我们也无法确定他们是否是最后文本。
在加州州立大学图书馆任职的宋永毅本人曾通过对大量绝密文件的深入研究，披露了中国广西自治区文革期间发生的吃人事件。他感觉，（这些书中）一部分关于朝鲜战争的文件看起来有些眼熟。
他在回复法广咨询电邮时写道：“我在收集关于中国历史的资料时，好像看到过其中一些文件。那是些政府内部刊物，有保密级别。”
《中国密档》系列中的其他几本书籍则深入挖掘中国情报部门掌握的信息。依然是通过各种彩色地图和部分内部文件，并配有充分的说明，显示出中国在1962年的中印边境冲突中对印度军队的方位部署，在1950年-1953年朝鲜战争中对韩国军队的方位部署都非常了解。
Keiler的目的是什么？
这些中国内部文件书籍的作者的身份以及他如何获得这些文件都还是个谜。
Keiler本人在前言里写道：“那些关于《中国密档》系列背后是何许人的问题将密而不宣。”
多年的努力和人员调动就是为了尽可能地保护所有与获得这些文件相关的人物与方法都不被人知晓。
其中原因？因为中国严厉的安全法案使得泄露“国家机密”者可能面对死刑。
Keiler在“中国1989，军队文件”中出示的文件：中央军委在天安门镇压行动之后奖励戒严部队一些单位和个人 in Ben Keiler "The China 1989 Army Documents" Amazon
但Keiler在“中国1989，军队文件”的前言里解释了他为什么要冒险出版这些文件。他表示，“展示参加戒严镇压部队的细节，相关人员的名字就有可能被找到，并可能受到迫害。一旦如此，军队番号和名称就会为人所知，官员就再也无法躲藏在国家机密的背后。下次中国再发生类似事件的时候，可能就很难有人愿意向民众开枪了。”
Internal document showing PLA troops that got rewarded after the 1989 Tian'anmen crackdown in Ben Keiler "The China 1989 Army Documents" Amazon （Keiler在“中国1989，军队文件”中出示的文件：中央军委在天安门镇压行动之后奖励戒严部队一些单位和个人）
公开中国情报部门对美国、对印度、韩国和其他国家的间谍活动也许可以帮助研究学者、也最终帮助政治人物更好地了解中国军队在极端情况下如何行动。
总之，相关出版仍在继续。2017年已经出版了六本，另有11本即将出版。
在即将出版的新书中，人们将可以看到首次公开的1979年中越战争中的绝密文件，还有关于中国军队地图绘制的讲述。11月1日，Keiler的又一本新书刚刚在亚马逊网站上线，讲述的是1959年的西藏叛乱以及中国军队的镇压。
到目前为止，中国政府对这些泄露出的文件尚没有做出任何反应。
Chinese army documents leak set to embarrass Beijing
Covers of three of the Ben Keiler "China Secrets" series Ben Keiler
In the vaults of Amazon.com’s self publishing market place, a growing series of books exposing China’s dark secrets is seeing the light. Six books with colorful covers, which constitute the “China Secrets” series, introduce a reader to the fascinating world of China’s internal – or neibu – documents. But many questions remain.
Since 2015, unnoticed by the large majority of the China watchers, the books, with titles like The China 1989 Army Documents , Spying against the United States , Spying against India and others can now be bought on Amazon.
Author Ben Keiler [probably a pseudonym] claims the documents are being put before the public “for the first time ever”.
They shed a new and unique light on events as diverse as the 1989 Tian’anmen Square massacre and the martial law imposed in Tibet three months before, the China-India border conflict culminating in hostilities in Bhutan earlier this year
It also offers detailed descriptions of the state of Chinese army intelligence gathering in respect of the US, South Korea, Japan and other countries, since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949.
Real or not?
In total some 500 pages, filled with copies of documents, military maps and tables have been published.
The big question is: are the documents real?
For centuries, sinologists have struggled with the question of authentification of documents.
Andrew Nathan and Perry Link published the Tiananmen Papers in 2001, a book with translated secret documents leaked or provided by “Zhang Liang,” a pseudonym, that minutely describe the policy process that lead to the Tian’anmen crackdown on June 4, 1989 in Beijing.
They said in the preface that the documents went through a meticulous five-stage process of selection before publication was decided, and they still cannot confirm their veracity completely.
Keiler criticizes the lack of access to the original documents in the Tiananmen Papers , saying that they “contain not a single copy of an original [ ] and this fact makes it easy to challenge the content.”
Indeed, Keiler’s 1989 Army documents do show copies of maps and documents that list in minute detail the of the People’s Liberation Army [PLA]’s troops before and during the attack on Tian’anmen Square on June 4, 1989.
The square had been occupied for weeks by students demanding an end to corruption, more transparency and a chance to participate in the politcal process. China's leaders had imposed martial law, and moved the army against Beijing's demonstrating civilians.
Internal map showing the advances of the PLA into Tian'anmen Square on June 4, 1989 Ben Keiler
There is a minute-to-minute army account of how PLA troops fight themselves through the crowds reaching the square and removing the remaining students by 04:00 am, as planned.
In a preceding chapter of the book, Keiler illustrates - again showing highly classified neibu material - how the PLA crackdown in Tibet, in March 1989, served as an example for the Tian’anmen attack.
The author reproduces PLA policy documents and lists of material, including guns and vehicles used, down to the amount of bullets handed out to the martial law troops who were to control the Tibetan protesters.
Who is Ben Keiler?
None of the Chinawatchers contacted by RFI was familiar with Ben Keiler or his work, but some expressed doubts:
“If the documents were authentic, major publishers would have been interested, and the Chinese Government would have reacted strongly against Amazon. So far I have not seen a prima facie case to do this,” says Steve Tsang, director of the China Institute at the School for Oriental and African Studies [SOAS] in London.
Perry Link, one of the two editors of the Tian’anmen Papers says that “one needs to be skeptical of these things, and yet it would be a mistake to reject them out-of-hand,” while Nathan insists that the documents can’t be authenticated “just by looking at them. It requires a lot of research,” he says.
Others were more forthcoming. Michael Dillon, founder of the Center for Contemporary Chinese Studies at the University of Durham and author of Deng Xiaoping, the Man who Made Modern China , said, after “a preliminary look,” that he found the “level of detail [of the 1989 Army Documents ] is convincing,” but admitted that it was not possible to be certain if they were originals.
He also pointed out that the lack of the significant red stamps and handwritten autographs of relevant leaders on some of the documents presented could mean they are just a draft or print out.
"[They]cast doubt on when and how they were issued and used. Even if they are genuine we cannot be sure that they were final drafts,” he says.
But Song Yongyi, librarian with California State University , who himself did extensive work exposing cannibalism during the Cultural Revolution in the Guangxi Autonomous Region, going through massive amounts of secret documents , said that one set of documents about the Korean War looked very familiar to him.
“When I was collecting documents about PRC history, I did see some of them. They are government publications [on] internal and classified level,” he writes in an email to RFI.
Other volumes of the “China Secrets” series dig deep into Chinese intelligence sources, showing the detailed level of knowledge Beijing had of military positions of the Indian army during the 1962 border war, South Korean positions during the 1950-53 Korea war; always with many illustrations of colorful maps and [parts of] documents and extensive commentary.
What does Keiler want?
The identity of the author, as well the way he obtained the documents is shrouded in mystery.
“Questions regarding who’s behind the China Secrets Series are secret and will not be answered,” he says in the preface.
“Years of efforts and movements of persons went into the effort to make it as difficult as possible to hide the methods and all the persons involved” in obtaining the documents.
The reason: under China’s stringent security laws and regulations , leakers of “state secrets” may face the death penalty.
But Keiler explains why the risk may be taken: in the preface of the China 1989 Army Documents , he says that by exposing details about army units involved in the crackdown, “people responsible can be named and if possible persecuted ... once places, units and names are known and officers can no more hide behind a screen of [a] 'state secret' it will become more difficult to find persons ready to use machine guns against civilians the next time such an incident happens in China.”
Internal document showing PLA troops that got rewarded after the 1989 Tian'anmen crackdown in Ben Keiler "The China 1989 Army Documents" Amazon
Publication of Chinese intelligence on the US, India, South Korea and other countries would give researchers and, ultimately, politicians, a better insight in how the Chinese military acts under extreme circumstances.
Meanwhile, production goes on. In 2017 some six volumes were produced, and 11 more are on the way.
Among the new books will be the first publication of top secret documents on decoding, China’s 1979 war with Vietnam, a history on Chinese army mapping and a book on the Tibetan uprising in 1959 and the Chinese crackdown.
Until now, the Chinese government has offered no reaction regarding the leaks.
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